迄今为止,饮食疗法在治疗自闭症的实践中一直存在争议。限制性饮食疗法 (如无麸质 / 无酪蛋白饮食、生酮饮食等) 在限制食物摄入多样性的同时,也限制了肠道微生物的多样性。对无酪蛋白和无谷蛋白饮食作用的评估研究也显示,入组自闭症儿童的注意功能、睡眠、行为特征及排便行为没有任何改变。有研究发现,服用含有Omega-3主要成分二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA)和二十碳五烯酸 (EPA) 的鱼油后,自闭症儿童症状得到明显改善。然而,新近研究认为,Omega-3虽然可以改善自闭症的一些症状,但对此尚不能得出明确的结论。近年来随着微生态学的发展,发现益生菌能够通过产生黏蛋白加强肠道屏障、平衡肠道菌群、产生消化酶并调节免疫反应。West等对伴有胃肠道不适的自闭症患儿使用益生菌Delpro®干预21天,结果显示除胃肠道症状改善外,自闭症儿童的孤独症治疗评估量表所有方面 (言语 / 语言 / 交流、社交能力、感觉 /认知意识、健康 / 身体 / 行为) 均有改善。因此,相较于限制性饮食,益生菌疗法有望增加肠道菌群多样性,可能是一种更好的替代疗法。1.Bandini LG, Curtin C, Phillips S, et al. Changes in food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. J Autism Dev Disord, 2017, 47(2):439-446.2.Mcelhanon BO, Mccracken C, Karpen S, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis[J]. Pediatrics, 2014, 133(5):872-883.3.Adams JB, Johansen LJ, Powell LD, et al. Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism--comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity[J]. BMC Gastroenterol, 2011, 11:22.4.Hsiao EY, Mcbride SW, Hsien S, et al. Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders[J]. Cell, 2013, 155(7):1451-1463.5.Lynch SV, Pedersen O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(24):2369-2379.6.Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GR, et al. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with 自闭症s: a consensus report[J]. Pediatrics, 2010, 125 Suppl 1:S1-S18.7.Vuong HE, Hsiao EY. Emerging roles for the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder[J]. Biol Psychiatry, 2017, 81(5):411-423.8.Fulceri F, Morelli M, Santocchi E, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and behavioral problems in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder[J]. 2016, 48(3):248-254.9.Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Shanahan F, et al. Microbiota is essential for social development in the mouse[J]. Mol Psychiatry, 2014, 19(2):146-148.10.Buffington SA, Di Prisco GV, Auchtung TA, et al. Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring[J]. Cell, 2016, 165(7):1762-1775.